Glossary

Echinate

ref. sculture. Sporoderm with spina-shaped elements.

Echinolophate

ref. sculture. Sporoderm with lacunae and muri with spinae.

Ectexine

outer layer of exine. This external layer forms together with the inner layer “called endexine”, the exine. The ectexine is composed by ectosexine and ectonexine.

Ectonexine

auter substratum of the nexine.

Ectosexine

auter substratum of the sexine.

Endexine

cf. endonexine. Inner layer of the exine, situated below the ectexina.

Endonexine

inner substratum of the nexine.

Endopore

inner portion of a pore, located below the exopore.

Endosexine

inner substratum of the sexine.

Equatorial axis

axis perpendicular to the polar axis, lying in the equatorial plane.

Equatorial diameter

a line segment joining the two opposite ends of the equator, perpendicular to the equatorial plane.

Equatorial section

pollen section along the equatorial plane. View from which it is possible to observe the cytoplasm structure, the thickness of sporoderm and to measure the equatorial axis.

Exagonal

distinctive pollen shape in polar view.

Exine

external layer of the sporoderm consisting of ectexine plus endexine.

Exopore

outer portion of a pore, located over the endopore.